MusharAkahムシャーラカ 20180310
イスラーム金融の重要ポイント「ムシャラカ」をまとめてみました。
Islamic financing modes MusharAkah
Islamic Banking Principales Week 3
Learning Outcomes
1. The concept of Musharakah contract.
2. Modes of operations
3. Forms of contribution & management
4. Conditions of Musharaka termination
Islamic Muamalat
▪ Permitted contracts can be divided into three different categories:
▪ Trading contracts
▪ Contracts of Profit sharing
- Supporting contracts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamalat
Muamalat (also muʿāmalāt, Arabic: معاملات, literally "transactions"or “dealings") is a part of Islamicjurisprudence, or fiqh. Sources agree that muamalatincludes Islamic "rulings governing commercial transactions"(Islamic Banking and Finance Institute of Malaysia and Majallah al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah) but other sources (Oxford Islamic Studies Online,Brian Kettell, and Wahbah al-Zuhayli’) give it a broader definition including civil acts and in general all aspects of fiqh that are not Ibadat (acts of ritual worship such as prayer or fasting).(See organizational chart of the structure of Islam below in "Principles" section.)
Trading
- Cash sales
- Deferred Payment sales
- Types of contracts
- Participation
- Musharakah
- Mudharabah
- Muzaraah
- Musaqat
Supporting
- Rahn(Mortgage・抵当、担保、(抵当を入れて)借りた金)
- Kafalah(guarantee)
- wakalah(Agency)
- Waqf(endowment/寄贈、寄付)
- Hiwalah(transfer of debt)
*With respect to debts, hiwalah refers to the transfer of debt from one party (the transferor, or muheel) to another (the payer or muhal alaihi) to the benefit and order of the creditor (the muhal).
http://www.investment-and-finance.net/islamic-finance/h/hiwalah.html
Musharakah
Definition
- 1.Musharakah is a form of partnership which is based on profit and loss sharing. (Musharakah from : engagement of two or more parties who have a common interest to form a partnership).
- 2.To contribute capital to an enterprise or a venture, whether existing or new, or to owner of a real estate or moveable asset, either on a
temporary or permanent basis. Profits generated by that venture or real estate or asset are shared in accordance with the terms of the
Musharakah agreement, while losses are shared in proportion to each partner’s share of capital.
ムシャラカは、損益分担に基づいたパートナーシップの一形態です。
(Musharakahから:パートナーシップを形成する共通の利益を持つ2人以上の関係者の関与)。
不動産または流動資産の所有者または既存の企業またはベンチャーに資本を提供するには、一時的または永久的な基準。 そのベンチャーまたは不動産または資産によって生み出された利益は、Musharakahの合意であり、損失は各パートナーの資本分担に比例して分担される。
Musharakah
▪ Modern application of Musharakah may take the form of Musharakah investment or Musharakah financing, as the case may be.
- Musharakah may also be applied to acquire a stake in another entity in the form of Musharakah investment.
▪現代のムシャラカの適用は、ムシャラカの投資またはムシャラカの資金調達の形をとる場合がある。
▪ムシャラカはまた、ムシャラカ投資の形で別の事業体の株式を取得するために適用することができる。
Types Musharakah
▪ Types of Shirkah
a. Shirkah al-Aqad/Aqd (commercial partnership)
b. Shirkah al-Milk (joint-ownership).
Shirkah al-Aqad refers to partnership with commercial objective, whereas, Shirkah al-Milk refers to joint-ownership in a particular asset.
Sharikat al-Aqd
A type of sharikah (partnership) that is formed by means of mutual agreement between two or more persons who agree that each of them contributes to the capital of the business and is entitled to a corresponding share in its financial results (profits or losses). The contracting parties agree to combine their assets, efforts, and/or liabilities for the purpose of making profits.
Sharikat Al-Mulk
A type of partnership which basically involves joint ownership (mulk in Arabic) by two or more persons in a particular property solely for the sake of ownership, rather than contractual agreement. This type of partnership is usually created by ways of inheritance, wills, or other situations where two or more persons come to hold an asset in common. Ownership gives every "partner" the right to share in the returns of underlying property or asset. Sharikat al-mulk may come in two different forms:Shirkat alaqd
• Joint venture of Business and trade
• Seeking profit
• Commercial property (50%)
• Ownership Can not be specified and undivided
Types Musharakah
Musharakah: Examples
- Structuring project financing,
- Syndicated financing,
- Asset financing,
- Working capital financing,
- Contract financing,
- Trade financing and structured products based on securitization such as Sukuk.
Musharakah
Shariah Legitimacy
1. Abu Hurayrah said that: The Prophet (pbuh) said: Allah says:
I am the third (partner) of the two partners as long as they do not betray each other. When one of them betrays the other, I depart from them”. (Sunan Abu Daud)
2. Abu al-Minhal narrated that Zayd Ibn Arqam and al-Barra’ Ibn‘Azib were partners, and they bought silver in cash and credit.
Their practices were brought to the Prophet (pbuh), and the Prophet (pbuh) pronounced that what was bought on cash then they could benefit from it and what was bought on credit
then they should reject it.” (Musnad Ahmad)
Musharakah
Shariah Legitimacy
Imam Ibn al-Munzir states in his book al-Ijma’: “And they (Muslim jurists) agree on the validity of partnership where each of the two partners contributes capital in dinar or dirham, and co-mingles the two capitals to form a single property which is indistinguishable, and they would sell and buy what they see as (beneficial) for the business, and the surplus will be distributed between them whilst the deficit will be borne together by them, and when they really carry out (as prescribed), the partnership is valid.”
イマーム・イブン・アル・マンジールは、彼の著書「アル・イマーマ」に次のように述べている。「彼ら(イスラム教徒の法学者)は、パートナーシップのそれぞれがディナールまたはディラムで資本を提供し、両首都を共同して 区別できない単一の財産であり、彼らはビジネスのために(有益な)売り買いをし、その間に余剰は分配され、赤字はそれらによって一緒に負担され、実際に実行されるとき )、パートナーシップは有効です。
Features of Musharakah Contract
1. Capital contribution by all partners
2. Management of Musharakah venture
3. Profit sharing
4. Loss sharing
5. Partnership venture
Capital Contribution by all Partners
The essential conditions of a valid Musharakah capital are as follows
1) Musharakah capital shall be readily available (receivables?)
2) Musharakah capital shall be contributed by all partners
3) The capital may be in the form of monetary asset such as cash or non-monetary assets that includes tangible and intangible assets.
有効なムシャラカの資本の本質的条件は以下の通りである
1)ムシャラカの資本は容易に入手可能でなければならない(債権?)
2)ムシャラカ州の資本は、すべてのパートナーによって提供されるものとする
3)資本は、有形または無形資産を含む現金または非貨幣性資産のような貨幣性資産の形態である可能性がある。Capital Contribution by all Partners
▪ Monetary assets in different currencies shall be valued based on the currency agreed by the partners in the contract.
▪ All forms of debts (accounts receivables) shall not qualify as Musharakah capital.
▪ Non-monetary asset with an associated debt may be contributed as capital e.g. contribution of a partner in the form of building which is partly funded by 30% debt (debt should not be more than 50%).
Capital Contribution
▪ The capital to be contributed by each partner shall be determined up front: lump sum or staged basis.
▪ Additional capital may be injected by mutual agreement.
▪ Failure to contribute? breach of promise according to the terms and conditions of the contract.
▪ The option to terminate the agreement
▪ may agree to revise the agreement based on actual capital contribution.
Capital Contribution by all Partners
▪ The capital invested shall not be guaranteed by any of the
partners.
▪ Any of the partners acting as agents shall be liable for
misconduct or negligence to the partnership as a whole.
▪ Any partner acting on his own or as agent who has caused
the loss of capital due to misconduct or negligence shall be
liable to refund the loss of capital to the other partners.
▪ Any loss of capital in the course of the business shall be
recognized as capital impairment and shall be borne
proportionately.
Case study
▪ Project with an outlay of MAD100.000
▪ IFI : 70.000, Adam pays 30.000
▪ First year: A loss of 30.000
▪ What is the treatment of this loss? What about the net assets value and what is the claim of each parties at the contract termination.
▪ What about pre-emption of share?
Capital Contribution by all Partners
▪ Share of Musharakah capital may be transferred to
existing or a third party as per the Musharakah contract.
▪ The Musharakah agreement may impose a condition that
compels a partner to offer the redemption of the partner’s
share of capital to existing partners based on certain
agreed terms and conditions.
▪ Capital gains or losses will be shared by the partners.
Management of Musharakah Venture
Musharakah venture may be managed in the following ways
1. Management by all partners;; or
2. Management by certain partners or single partner;; or
3. Management by a third party.
Management by third party
▪ Management through relevant contract such as Wakalah, Ujrah or Mudarabah contract.
An IFI and a customer of the bank jointly finance 80:20 capital contribution in a project based on Musharakah contract. The partners then engage a professional manager on a fee based arrangement to manage the project. Profits to be shared are after deducting the fees paid to the professional manager.
Management of Musharakah Venture
▪ Non-managing partners may waive their voting rights relating to the management of Musharakah and this shall be specified in the contract.
▪ The managing partner(s) as an agent shall be liable for any loss caused by his negligence or misconduct or breach of management contract.
Sharing of loss
In the case of a loss, all the Muslim jurists are unanimous on the point that each partner shall suffer the loss exactly according to the ratio of investment. Therefore, if a partner have invested 40% of the capital, he must suffer 40% of the loss, not more, not less, and any condition to the contrary shall render the contract invalid. There is a complete consensus of jurists on this principle.
Profit is based on the agreement of the parties, but loss is always subject to the ratio of investment.
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すべてのパートナーによる資本貢献
▪異なる通貨の通貨資産は、契約のパートナーが合意した通貨に基づいて評価されるものとする。
▪すべての債務(売掛金)は、ムシャラカの資本金とする資格はない。
▪関連する債務を有する非貨幣性資産は、資本として拠出することができます。 部分的に30%の負債(負債は50%を超えてはならない)によって資金提供される建物の形態のパートナーの貢献。Profit Sharing Rights
▪ It is not permissible to express profit in a
Musharakah, in a form of percentage of capital only,
that means a payment of fixed profit regardless of the
actual profit realized.
▪ Partner(s) in Musharakah, shall not fully or partially
guarantee the principal and profit of another partner(s).
利益分配権
▪実際に実現した利益とは無関係に、固定利益の支払いを意味する、資本金の割合の形でムシャラカで利益を表明することは許されません。
▪ムシャラカのパートナーは、他のパートナーの元金と利益を完全にまたは部分的に保証してはならない。
3. Profit Sharing Rights
▪ A third party who is not related to any party in the Musharakah in terms of equity ownership and management control may guarantee the profit to the Musharakah venture subject to certain conditions.
Illustration: Guaranteed Rental Income for Profit Distribution If a Musharakah financing agreement is signed to build and rent a property to an identified tenant. The partners can obtain an undertaking from the prospective tenant that upon completion of the property and its availability for occupancy, the tenant will lease the property for a specified period at an agreed rental rate. Profit to be shared between the partners is based on the guaranteed rental income by the lessee for the lease agreement. This guaranteed rental by a third party is permissible.
▪Musharakahの持分保有および管理管理の観点から、Musharakahの当事者と関係のない第三者は、Musharakahベンチャーに特定の条件のもとで利益を保証することができる。
イラスト:利益配分のための保証された賃貸収入特定されたテナントに物件を建設して賃貸するためのムシャラカの融資契約が署名されている場合。 パートナーは、予定されたテナントから、不動産の完成と入居の可否に応じて、合意された賃貸料率で特定の期間、不動産をリースすることができます。 パートナー間で分配される利益は、賃貸借契約の借手による保証賃料収入に基づいています。 この保証された第三者によるレンタルは許可されています。3. Profit Sharing Rights
▪ Any unusual investment income from Shariah prohibited activities of a Musharakah venture due to unavoidable circumstances will be distributed to charity.
Illustration: Non-Compliant Activities and Disposal of Shares Investors, through Musharakah participation, subscribe to an
investment fund that invests in a portfolio of several large companies. During the investment period one of the companies shifted its core business to non Shariah compliant activities. The fund manager responded by disposing of the investments in the company. Gains from the disposal of the share for the period of non-compliant activities are to be identified and distributed to charity.
3.利益分配権
▪Shariahからの異常な投資収入は、やむを得ない事情によりMusharakahベンチャーの活動を禁止され、慈善団体に配布される。
イラスト:非準拠の活動と株式の処分ムシャラカの参加により、投資家はいくつかの大企業のポートフォリオに投資する投資ファンドに加入します。 投資期間中、いずれかの企業が中核事業を非シャリア準拠の活動に転換しました。 ファンドマネージャーは、同社への投資を処分することで対応した。 準拠していない活動の期間における株式の処分による利益は、特定され、慈善団体に配分される。
Loss Sharing
▪ Capital loss incurs when a capital asset (investment or real estate) decreases in value. The loss is not realized until the
asset is sold for a lower price than the purchase price.
▪ Loss shall be shared among the partners proportionate to their capital contribution.
▪ Preferential treatment to a particular partner over the others in the same Musharakah venture in absorbing the loss shall not be permissible.
▪ The loss to the partners shall be limited to the capital contribution of each partner.
損失の共有
▪キャピタルロスは、キャピタル資産(投資または不動産)の価値が低下した場合に発生します。 資産が購入価格よりも低い価格で販売されるまで、損失は実現されません。
▪損失は、資本拠出に比例してパートナー間で分け合わなければならない。
▪損失を吸収する上で同じMusharakahベンチャーの他のパートナーとの特定のパートナーに対する優遇措置は許されない。
▪パートナーへの損失は、各パートナーの資本拠出に限定されるものとします。Loss Sharing
▪ A third party may undertake to bear the loss of a partner.
In order to encourage public participation in the
Musharakah investment the government may provide a guarantee on the capital of a Musharakah venture. This type of guarantee is permissible and valid as the
government is an independent party to the Musharakah venture.
損失の共有
▪第三者がパートナーの喪失を負うことを引き受けることがあります。
ムシャラカの投資への国民の参加を促すために、政府はムシャラカのベンチャーの資本を保証することができる。 このタイプの保証は、政府がMusharakahベンチャーの独立した当事者であるため許可され、有効です。4. Loss Sharing
▪ Upon realization of loss, a partner may agree, without any prior condition, to bear the loss of another partner at the time such a loss is realized.
▪ The loss due to misconduct, negligence and breach of terms and conditions by a managing partner shall be borne entirely by that partner.
4.損失分担
▪損失が発生した場合、パートナーは事前の条件なしに、そのような損失が発生した時点で他のパートナーの損失を負担することに同意することができます。
▪管理パートナーによる違法行為、過失および条件違反に起因する損失は、完全にそのパートナーによって負担されるものとします。Partner Venture
▪ Business ventures of Musharakah shall be Shariah compliant and may be conducted in various sectors such as trading, plantation, construction, manufacturing, investment and services.
▪ A Musharakah contract may be adopted for non
commercial activities which are non-profit oriented.
▪ Pre contracting costs like feasibility study fee may be charged to the customer subject to his/her consent.
パートナーベンチャー
▪ムシャラカのビジネスベンチャーは、シャリア準拠であり、取引、プランテーション、建設、製造、投資およびサービスなどのさまざまな分野で実施される。
▪ムシャラカ契約は、非営利目的の非営利活動に採用されることがあります。
▪フィージビリティスタディのような事前契約費用は、お客様の同意が必要な場合、お客様に請求されることがあります。Termination of Musharakah
Musharakahis deemed to be terminated in any
one of the following events: (1) Every partner has a right to terminate the Musharakah at a notice
In this case, if the assets of the musharakah are in cash form, all of them will be distributed pro rata between the partners. But if the assets are not liquidated, the partners may agree either on the liquidation of the assets, or on their distribution or partition between the partners as they are.
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Musharakahの終了
Musharakahisはいずれかで解雇されたとみなされる
次のいずれかの事象:(1)すべてのパートナーは、通知でムシャラカを解雇する権利を有する
この場合、ムシャラカの資産が現金形態であれば、それらのすべてがパートナー間で配分されます。 しかし、資産が清算されていない場合、パートナーは、資産の清算、またはパートナ間の分配または分配にそのまま同意することがあります。Termination of Musharakah
IN CASE OF A DISPUTE 1- one partner seeks liquidation while the other wants partition: the latter shall be preferred, because after the termination of musharakah, all the assets are in the joint ownership of the partners, and a co-owner has a right to seek partition or separation, and no one can compel him on liquidation. 2- However, if the assets are such that they cannot be separated or partitioned, such as machinery, then they shall be sold and the sale-proceeds shall be distributed.
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Musharakahの終了
紛争の場合
1人のパートナーは清算を求めているが、もう1人は分割を望んでいる。ムシャラカの終了後、すべての資産がパートナーの共同所有権を有し、共同所有者が分割または分離を求める権利を有するため、 誰も彼を強制的に清算することはできません。
しかし、機械類のように分別や分割ができないような資産の場合は、それらを売却し、売却代金を分配するものとする。Termination of Musharakah without closing the business If one of the partners wants termination of the musharakah, while the other partner or partners like to continue with the business, this purpose can be achieved by mutual agreement. The partners who want to run the business may purchase the share of the partner who wants to terminate his partnership, because the termination of musharakah with one partner does not imply its termination between the other partners.
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閉じずMusharakahの終了
ビジネスパートナーの1つがムシャラカの解雇を望んでいる場合、他のパートナーまたはパートナーはビジネスを続けたいが、この目的は相互の合意によって達成することができる。 あるパートナーとのムシャラカの終了が他のパートナー間の終了を意味するものではないため、ビジネスを実行したいパートナーはパートナーシップを終了したいパートナーのシェアを購入することがあります。
Termination of Musharakah without closing the business
However, in this case, the price of the share of the leaving partner must be determined by mutual consent, and if there is a dispute about the valuation of the share and the partners do not arrive at an agreed price, the leaving partner may compel other partners on the liquidation or on the distribution of the assets themselves.
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ただし、この場合、離脱するパートナーの株式の価格は、相互の同意によって決定されなければならず、また、株式の評価について紛争があり、パートナーが合意した価格で到着しない場合、離脱するパートナーは、 他のパートナーとの間で、資産の清算や資産の分配が行われます。Summary of the Lecture
In this lecture we covered the following topics:
1.The concept of Musharakah contract.
2.Features of the Musharakah contract:
▪Capital contribution by all partners
▪Management of Musharakah venture
▪Profit sharing
▪Loss sharing
▪Partnership venture